String Manipulation Operations

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

str="Hello, World! Welcome to Bash."
filepath="/usr/local/bin/my-script.sh"

# Length
echo "Length: ${#str}"

# Substring extraction
echo "From 7: ${str:7}"
echo "Chars 0-5: ${str:0:5}"
echo "Last 5: ${str: -5}"

# Case conversion (Bash 4+)
echo "Upper: ${str^^}"
echo "Lower: ${str,,}"
echo "First upper: ${str^}"

# Pattern removal (prefix)
echo "Filename: ${filepath##*/}"
echo "Dir: ${filepath%/*}"
echo "No ext: ${filepath%.sh}"
echo "Ext only: ${filepath##*.}"

# Pattern substitution
sentence="The quick brown fox"
echo "Replace first: ${sentence/quick/slow}"
echo "Replace all: ${sentence//o/0}"
echo "Replace prefix: ${sentence/#The/A}"
echo "Replace suffix: ${sentence/%fox/cat}"

# Split string into array
IFS="," read -ra parts <<< "a,b,c,d,e"
for part in "${parts[@]}"; do
    echo "Part: $part"
done

# Repeat string
repeat() {
    local str=$1 n=$2
    printf "%s" "$str"
    for ((i=1; i<n; i++)); do
        printf "%s" "$str"
    done
}
echo "Repeated: $(repeat "ab" 3)"