测试影响分析

概念定义

CI 跑全部是为了抓住任何东西；影响分析只跑“可能抓住这次变更”的测试。差别就在代码与观察它的测试之间的映射。

工作机制

静态分析推导模块依赖图；运行时覆盖记录哪些测试执行了哪些文件。收到 diff 时，执行器把变更文件与测试足迹求交并调度并集——再对反射、泛型、生成代码做保守扩展。缓存按输入哈希键控，未变范围整段跳过。

使用场景

CI 排队时间支配反馈回路时、多数变更不影响多数测试的单仓里、以及作为定时全量运行的搭档充当合并前快速通道。

常见误区

影响分析不是“少跑测试”而是“跑可能受影响的测试”：风险被映射质量约束而不是被消除。静态图会被反射、依赖注入、插件加载等动态特性击败，需要运行时轨迹补充。把受影响集裁到飞快就是在赌漏网；代码搬家后陈旧的覆盖图是隐形漏测；只跑选择性套件、从不全量回跑，延迟优化的同时盲点在复利累积。

代码示例

package calc

import "testing"

func Divide(a, b float64) (float64, bool) {
	if b == 0 {
		return 0, false
	}
	return a / b, true
}

func TestDivide(t *testing.T) {
	cases := []struct {
		name    string
		a, b    float64
		want    float64
		wantOK  bool
	}{
		{name: "even", a: 10, b: 2, want: 5, wantOK: true},
		{name: "fraction", a: 1, b: 4, want: 0.25, wantOK: true},
		{name: "divide by zero", a: 1, b: 0, want: 0, wantOK: false},
	}
	for _, tc := range cases {
		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
			got, ok := Divide(tc.a, tc.b)
			if ok != tc.wantOK || got != tc.want {
				t.Fatalf("got (%v, %v), want (%v, %v)", got, ok, tc.want, tc.wantOK)
			}
		})
	}
}

package main

import (
	"errors"
	"testing"
)

var errNotFound = errors.New("order not found")

func ShippingCost(weightKg int, express bool, tier string) (int, error) {
	if weightKg <= 0 {
		return 0, errors.New("weight must be positive")
	}
	if weightKg > 30 {
		return 0, errors.New("weight exceeds courier limit")
	}

	base := 8
	if weightKg > 10 {
		base += (weightKg - 10) * 2
	}
	if express {
		base *= 2
	}
	if tier == "gold" {
		base -= 4
	}
	return base, nil
}

func TestShippingCost(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	tests := []struct {
		name    string
		weight  int
		express bool
		tier    string
		want    int
		wantErr error
	}{
		{name: "light standard", weight: 2, express: false, tier: "", want: 8},
		{name: "light express", weight: 2, express: true, tier: "", want: 16},
		{name: "heavy adds per kg", weight: 15, express: false, tier: "", want: 18},
		{name: "heavy express gold", weight: 15, express: true, tier: "gold", want: 32},
		{name: "gold floor at zero", weight: 1, express: false, tier: "gold", want: 4},
		{name: "zero weight rejected", weight: 0, express: false, tier: "", wantErr: errors.New("weight must be positive")},
		{name: "over courier limit", weight: 31, express: false, tier: "", wantErr: errors.New("weight exceeds courier limit")},
	}

	for _, tt := range tests {
		tt := tt
		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
			t.Parallel()

			got, err := ShippingCost(tt.weight, tt.express, tt.tier)
			if tt.wantErr != nil {
				if err == nil || err.Error() != tt.wantErr.Error() {
					t.Fatalf("ShippingCost(%d, %v, %q) error = %v, want %v",
						tt.weight, tt.express, tt.tier, err, tt.wantErr)
				}
				return
			}
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
			}
			if got != tt.want {
				t.Errorf("ShippingCost(%d, %v, %q) = %d, want %d",
					tt.weight, tt.express, tt.tier, got, tt.want)
			}
		})
	}
}