What are effective strategies for debugging JavaScript errors?

Explanation

Effective debugging strategies include: reproducing the error consistently, reading the error message and stack trace carefully, using debugger breakpoints and step-through execution, isolating the problem with binary search (comment out half the code), checking recent changes (git diff/bisect), using the scientific method (form hypothesis, test, repeat), leveraging browser DevTools (Network, Performance, Memory tabs), and rubber duck debugging (explain the code step by step). Systematic debugging is faster than trial and error.